Periodic line interruption with vertical alignment of segmented portions of kinescope raster



G. D. FORBES May 11. 1954 PERIODIC LINE INTERRUPTION WITH VERTICAL ALIGNMEN OF SEGMENTED PORTIONS OF KINESCOPE RASTER Filed Sept. 14, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 /nvenor Gordon Dona/d Forbes by vwl May 11. 1954 G. D. FORBES 2,678,349

PERIODIC LINE INTERRUPTION WITH VERTICAL ALIGNMENT OF SEGMENTED PORTIONS OF' KINESCOPE RASTER Filed Sept. 14, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 F lg. 2.

6l F/g. 3. 6] 6l F l'g. 4.

57 55 45 5/ 35 Alomeys May 11. 1954 G, D FORBES 2,678,349

PERIODIC LINE INTERRUPTION WITH VERTICAL 'ALIGNMENT OF SEGMENTED PORTIONS OF KINESCOPE RASTER Filed Sept. 14, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Supp/y Supp/y Supp/y 1 /nvenor Gordon Dona/d Forbes Attorneys May 11. 1954 G. D. FoRBr-:s- 2,678,349

PERIODIC LINE INTERRUPTION WITH VERTICAL ALIGNMENT OF SEGMENTED PORTIONS OF KINESCOPE RASTER Filed Sept. 14, 1949 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Clipper RF. LF. Second T-Video Stages "In, Stages Detector r Local I Synchron/'zing Modulator l /209 Pulse 207 Separator Lig' Supp/y Supp/y May 11. 1954 1 G. D; FORBES I 2,678,349

RERIoDIc LINE INTERRUPTION wITH VERTICAL ALIGNMENT OF SEGMENTED PORTIONS OF' KINESCOPE RASTER Filed Sept. 14, 1949 5 Sheets sheet .5

Verf/col /3 Synchron/'zing Pols; Se a aor andA /l ier Ip f|--" M n Relaxation F A3.

Oscillator SUPP/y SUPP/y j O ANNI@ 225 F lg. I4. /22/ 52 239 Television Power Power Gomera nus? y Moda/afar Amp//f/er I 23/ l I 235 l 2.27 Synchron/INNO M/xer Oso/'l/alor -/223 Generator .,/233

' 65 97 Pulsar/53 A A 99 Oscillator l [93,89 /Ho B T Supp/y Supp/y 77 l /nvenor Gordon Dona/d Forbes I by m AMJ 5 -I Affomeys Patented May 11, 1954 UNITED STATES ATENT OFF-ICE PERIODIC LINE INTERRUPTION WITH VER- TICAL ALIGNMENT OF `SEGMENTED POR- TIONS OF KINESCOIE RAS'TER 2 Claims.

The present invention relates to cathode-ray- Y tube presentations, and more particularly to television systems employing cathode-ray-tube displays.

An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method `of and system for cathode-ray-tube presentation.

Another object is to provide a novel method of and system for television presentation.

Still another object is to provide a method of and system for producing signals ,for a cathoderay-tube presentation.

In accordance with present-day television techniques, a picture is reproduced upon acathoderay-tube screen by intensity-modulating vsuccessive horizontal electron-beam scans that are substantially equally vertically displaced. The reproduced picture presents, of necessity, the appearance of parallel lines resulting from the successive horizontal scans. These lines detract from the appearance of the picture and from the enjoyment of the audience. They are quite disturbing in enlarged-tube and projection-television displays. It has heretofore been proposed to eliminate these disturbing effects by breaking up the line scans into dots as by producing alternating voltages for periodically blanking the electron stream or halting the deflection process. Such systems, however, do not insure that every :can is broken up in exactly the same manner, so that the appearance of the resulting shifting dots is equally disturbing to the viewer.

A further object of the present invention is to yovercome this undesirable parallel-line-picture appearance, and, more desirably, to present a picture the line scans of which are divided into a plurality of uniform closely spaced dots too small to be individually discernable and which preferably assume exactly the same position along each line scan.

An additional object is to provide a system for accomplishing this purpose in the form of a modification kit that may be added to present-day television receiver systems.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new method and system of more general use for dividing a two-dimensional cathoderay-tube scanning pattern into a -plurality of closely spaced dots.

Other and further objects will be explained hereinafter and will be more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

In summary, the present invention relates to a method of and system for cathode-ray-tube vpresentation that comprises producing a twodimensional electron-beam scanning pattern and accurately dividing successive elements of the scanning pattern along one of the dimensions into precisely the same pattern of a plurality of small. closely spaced dots. In a television system, for example, this end may be achieved by producing, in response to the horizontal or vertical scanningsynchronizing signals, a train of periodic, short cathode-ray blanking pulses for periodically interrupting or blanking the electron beam during its successive horizontal scans. APreferred systems for producing the blanking pulses either at the television transmitter or receiver are hereinafter described in detail.

The invention will now be more fully described in connection with the accompanying drawings Fig. l of which is a schematic diagram of circuits and apparatus constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention as applied to a television receiving system; Figs. 2 to 7 are explanatory wave-form diagrams 'illustrating the timing ofthe operation of the various circuits of Fig. 1, Fig. 2 showing the standard video-signal output applied to the presentation cathode-ray tube or kinescope, Fig. 3 illustrating the horizontal-sweep or scan synchronizing signais, Fig. 4 illustrating the output of the horizontal sweep or scan generator, Fig. 5 illustrating a. train of oscillations produced by a pulsed oscillator in response vto each horizontal-scan synchronizing signal, Fig. 6 illustrating rectilied or unidirectionalized portions of the oscillations of Fig. 5 that are employed as blanking pulses, and Fig. 7 illustrating phase-inverted blanking pulses corresponding to those of Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a greatly enlarged View of a portion of the luorescent screen of the presentation cathode-ray tube of Figi; Figs. 9, l0 and 11 are modications of the circuits shown in Fig. 1 for applying the blanking pulses to the cathode-ray tube; Fig. 12 is a view of a further modification in which the pulsed oscillator and associated circuits are applied to the radio-frequency or intermediate-frequency radio-receiving circuits of the television receiver instead of being applied to the cathode-ray-tube 3 proper, as shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of still another modification in accordance with which the vertical-scan synchronizing pulses are employed instead of the horizontalscan synchronizing pulses to produce the train of oscillations that are converted, in accordance with the present invention, into blanking pulses; and Fig. 14 is a further modication illustrating the application of the circuits of Figs. 12 and 13 to a television transmitting system.

Referring first to Fig. 1, a standard television receiver I is shown receiving radio-frequency transmissions picked up in an antenna 3. Associated with present-day commercial television receivers are synchronizing signal-separator-andamplifier circuits that produce synchronizing impulses for triggering the horizontal and vertical sweep or scanning circuits associated with the television cathode-ray-tube display. A conventional horizontal-scan synchronizing pulse separator-and-ampliiier is shown feeding horizontal-scan synchronizing signals 6I, Fig. 3, to the horizontal sweep or scan generator 'i to produce, at a predetermined frequency, horizontal scan voltages l2?, Fig. 4. The horizontal sweep generator l, in turn, is shown energizing conventional horizontal deflection means such as, for example, the coils 9 that may be associated with the presentation cathode-ray tube or kinescope II. Similarly, a conventional vertical synchronizing pulse separator-and-amplier I3 is shown feeding vertical-scan synchronizing signals of a lower frequency to a conventional vertical sweep or scan generator I5 that may energize vertical deflection means such as the coils Il associated with the cathode-ray tube Il.

It is to be understood that the cathode-ray or electron-beam deilection means e-Il may comprise, also, electrostatic plates instead of coil deiiectors, or that a combination of electrostatic and magnetic deflection means may be employed, as is well-known in the art. The coils 9 and Il, moreover, are, in actual practice, oriented at right angles to each other about the neck of the cathode-ray tube II, the showing in Fig. 1 being only schematic in order not to complicate the drawings.

The cathode-ray tube II is schematically shown comprising a luorescent viewing screen I3 at one end, and an electron-beam-producing gun comprising an electron-emissive cathode 2l, a control-grid electrode 23 and an anode 25, at the other end. The electron beam may be focused, as is well known in the art, by conventional electrostatic or magnetic focusing means, not shown.

A final anode 2l comprising a metal cathoderay tube neck or a conductive coating on the neck of the cathode-ray tube I! is provided to impinge the electron-beam produced by the above-mentioned electron gun upon the fluorescent viewing screen I9. rihe electron beam .so impinged becomes actuated or deflected along one dimension, shown horizontal, by the horizontalsweep currents in the coil 9. Successive horizontal scans are produced, moreover, at a plurality of positions spaced from one another a predetermined distance along a second dimension, shown vertical, in response to the action of the vertical-sweep voltage in the coil Il, so that the electron beam describes successive horizontalline scans 2S, 3i, 33, 35, etc., on the uorescent screen I9, each vertically displaced from the preceding horizontal-line scan. A conventional highvoltage supply source 3l is shown feeding positive voltage to the final anode 2l of the cathode- 4 ray tube II and a relatively negative voltage by way of a potentiometer 39 to the anode 25.

The precise details and circuits of the receiver I, the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulse separators-and-ampliers 5 and I3, the horizontal and vertical sweep or scan generators l and I5, the horizontal and vertical deflection means and Il, the presentation cathode-ray tube II, and the voltage supply system 3l, 33, etc., may be found fully described, for example, in Principles of Television Engineering, by Donald G. Fink, McGraw-Hill Bock Company, 1945.

The intensity of the scanning electron beam is continuously modulated in accordance with the light and dark portions of the television picture by feeding the television video signals 52, Fig. 2, received by the receiver I to, for example, the control grid 23 of the cathode-ray tube II. Video signals may equally well be fed to the cathode 2 I or to other electrodes, as is well known. Successive horizontal scans 29, 3i, 33, 35, etc., therefore, become intensity-modulated to reproduce the corresponding light and dark areas of the televised object, thereby producing a television image on the screen I9.

In a properly adjusted television receiving system, however, the successive horizontal lines forming the television image on the screen i9 are disturbing to the viewer. 'I'his is particularly the case for tubes having large diameter screens I9 and for projection Systems in which the television image on the screen I9 is projected upon still a larger screen.

In accordance with the present invention, therefore, the intensity-modulated horizontal lines upon the cathode-ray tube screen I9 are accurately broken up into line dots too small individually to be discernable, somewhat in the fashion of a half-tone picture. The television image presented upon the screen I9 becomes thus converted into what appears to be a perfect picture, without the disturbing appearance of horizontal lines.

In Fig. 8, for example, a corner or the fluorescent screen I9 of the presentation cathode-ray tube I I of Fig. 1 is illustrated displaying portions of the successive horizontal scans 23, Si, 33 and 35 on a greatly magnied scale. Each scan is shown broken up into a plurality of closely spaced dots. The shaded portion of the screen I9 indicates dark areas Where the electron beam has not impinged, and the unshaded dots represent areas where the electron beam has impinged on the screen. The rst or top-most horizontal scan 29, for example, comprises the light areas or dots 4I, 45, 41, 49, and so on, each light area being horizontally separated from adjacent light areas by a dark area 43 of horizontal width X. Similarly, the next horizontal scan 3I is shown broken up into light areas or dots 5I, 55, 5l, and so on, the dots being separated from one another by the same dark areas 43. In like manner, the horizontal scans 33, 35, and so on, are divided into a plurality of closely spaced light areas or dots. Itis desirable, though not essential, that the horizontal Width X of the dark areas 43 between the light dots be ci the same order of magnitude as, and preferably substantially the same as, the predetermined vertical Width X of the dark regions 69 between the successive horizontal scans 29, 3l, 33, 35, etc., produced in response to the action of the vertical deection means Il. Similarly, the horizontal dimension of each dot may be adjusted to a value of the same order of magnitude as the verticalwidth oteach" horizontalscan. The dots' or light areas into.whichthesuccessive horizontal.`

scans are dividedl areI shown having somewhat curved endssince; in actual practice, an electron beam can-notbe-sharply interrupted; InFig. 8, the letter Y represents then-horizontal'u distance between thecenters of l successive darltV areasfv 43; which is the same l*as the horizontal distance between the. centers ofi the successive dots.. The letter Y indicates the-verticali distance between: the centersl of successive dark.: areas.- 69f-which is the same as the vertical distance between the centers of. successive horizontal scans. In the above-described mode of. operation, therefore, the ratio of X to Ywill be ofthe-same. order of magnitude as. the ratio. ofj;Xf to-.Y..

While the invention has Vthus farbeen described in connection with horizontal andi. vertical elec.- tron-beam scanning,- it. is. to. beV understood vthat the invention is not so. limited, being.. equally applicableV to any'r two-dimensional.. scanning pattern, such as concentric" circles, a. spiral, and. other well-known cathode-ray. scanning coniigurations. The terms. horizontak and:1ver tical, moreover, are intendedto. cover any twodimensional pattern having substantially parallel-line scans, whether orv not the scansv are actually oriented parallel to the horizon.

It now remains to describe how the twodimensional cathode-ray-tube presentation upon the screen I9 of the cathode-ray tube |I may be divided or broken Yup along one ofthe dimensions into a plurality of small closely spaced dots.

This is preferably effected by producing a train of short blanking pulses that may periodically interrupt the cathode-ray-tube electron beam during its scanningalong one dimension of the two-dimensional scanning pattern. The blanking pulses may be produced vS/ith'the` aid of the circuit illustrated in Fig.l 1, comprising a pulsed clamped oscillator 53 that may be triggered or pulsed in response to the same horizontal synchronizing pulses 6| fromthe horizontal pulse separator-and-ampliiier 5 that trigger the horizontal sweep generator 1, to produce a train of oscillations 63 of frequency'much greater than the horizontal scan frequency for the duration of each horizontal scan voltage |21. Successive horizontal synchronizing pulses are shown at 6| in Fig. 3, in timed relation with the corresponding horizontal sweep or scan voltages I 21 of Fig. 4, and the corresponding train of oscillations 63, Fig. 5, produced by the pulsed oscillatorr 53. In actual practice, as later discussed, there may be more oscillations during each horizontal scan than are shown, say '100 oscillations, more or less. IThese successive trains of oscillations 63 may be ciipped, rectiiied or otherwise unidirectionalized in any desired manner as by means of a clipper stage l I I, and may then be applied to the cathode 2i of the cathode-ray tube |I, periodically to drive it positive and thereby periodically to blank or interrupt the electron beam produced in the cathode-ray-tube I during each horizontal scan. Such clipped or recti-ed impulses are shown at 65 in Fig. 6. They may be inverted, however, as shown at 61 in Fig. '7, for application to the grid 23 of the cathode-ray-tube II, periodically to drive the grid negative, thereby periodicallyv to interrupt or cut-off the electron beam during its successive horizontal scans. It is to be understood, of course, that the anode and other cathode-ray-tube electrodes may similarly be pulsed, if desired, toblank the electron stream, though it is preferable to feedthe blanking pulses to the cathode or. control. grid o-f-f;` the electronbeam-producing gun.

The duration of 5 thevk unidirectionalized: blanking pulses 65L or..` 61, Figs. d4 and 7; may be equal to the half cycle of the oscillationsf.of'Fig. 5, or they may be more or less thanthe half-cycle, depending upon the biasing-of the clipper stage III or other unidirectionalizing system. The duration or Width. o the. blanking impulses 65 or G1 is indicated by the same. letter X employed in Fig. 8 to connote the widthof thepdark spacings or areas. 43; between. successive electronbeam light areas or dots, sincethe period of interruption or blanking of the electron beam is determined by the duration of theA blanking pulse. The horizontal distance-between centers of successive blanking pulsesIi5or|1Y is indicated by the same letterA Y used' to connote the corresponding horizontal-distance, inFig. 8, between the centers of successive dark areas 43 r on the cathode-ray-tube screen 9.

The pulsed oscillator` may-be` ofany desired form, such as shock-excited and ringing circuits. Itis preferably, `however, of the type described, for example,` on page 143 of Wave Forms, Radiation Laboratory Series No. 19, McGraw- Hill, 1948. A circuit similarl to this particular type of oscillator is shown in Fig. 1, so that the operation of the circuit need only brieiiy be herein described. Thepulsed oscillator system. 53 comprises two vacuum tubes 1|. and 13, each, for example, of the triode type havingv respective plates or anodes 8,I and 83, control-grid electrodes 9| and 93, and cathodes |Il| and |03. The tube 13 forms a Hartley-type oscillator circuit with a parallel-connected capacitance C and inductance L, the grid 93 being connected through a coupling condenser 89- to the top terminal 19 of the LC circuit, the inductance L being tapped at an intermediate point and connectedl therefrom through a variable resistor 92 to the catliode |63, and the bottom terminal 89--of the-LC circuit being connected to the negative side of the B or plate-voltage supply 9.9, which may, if desired, be grounded. The negative terminal of the plate supplyV 99 is connected to the positive terminal of a further power-supply system |05, labeled C Supply. The grid 93 isreturned through series-connected resistors and 81 to the lower terminal 89 offthe LC circuit, and a. cathode resistor 95 is connectedA between the cathode |03 and the junction of resistors 85 and 81. The plate 83 ofthe tube 1 3 is directly connected to the positive terminal ofv the B power supply 99. The top terminal 19 ofy the tuned LC circuit is also directly connected with the cathode I 9| of the second tube-1|. The plate 9| of the tube'1I is connected through a, loadvresistor 91 to the plate 83= of the tube 13.

Horizontal synchronizing pulses 6|, Fig. 3, received from the horizontal synchronizing pulse separator-and-amplier 5, by a conductor 15 and fed across an input resistor 11- connected between the grid 9| and cathode |0| of the tube 1|. Each of the positive horizontal synchronizing pulses 6| causes the tube 'Il to conduct, to hold the LC circuit againstV oscillation. In the interval between successive pulses 6|, the tube 1| is cut oir and the LC circuitis permitted to oscillate, producing oscillations 63 at a frequency determined primarily by the values of L and C. The frequency of the train of oscillations 6.3 produced in response to each synchronizing pulse 6I may be, adjusted by varying. the condenser C orv the inductance L, asA iswell known 7, in the art. Appropriate settings of the variable resistor `92 will produce stable oscillations 63 or oscillations damped to any desired degree.

The oscillations 63 appearing at the grid 93 of the tube 13 are fed by means of a coupling condenser |01 to the grid |09 of a further triode vacuum tube rIhe grid |03 of the tube is normally biased with respect to the cathode II5 by means of its connection through a grid resisto-r IIS, that may be variable, to the negative terminal of the C supply |05. In such a. biased condition the tube III is adapted to act as a clipper stage, or form of rectier. The. plate ||3 of the tube is directly connected to the positive terminal of the B power supply 99 and the cathode ||5 of the tube III is returned to the negative terminal of the B supply 3S, or to the positive terminal of the C supply |05 by a cathode resistor ||1. The clipper tube III, therefore, conducts only upon the positive cycles of the oscillations 53. The tube III performs also as a cathode follower, producing across the cathode load H1 the positive blanking impulses 55, Fig. 6, that are fed by conductor IIS to the cathode 2| of the cathode-ray tube The cathode 2i is thus periodically driven positive by the successive trains oi impulses 55 occurring during each horizontal scan 29, 3|, 33, 35, etc., periodically cutting olf or interrupting the electron beam, and thereby dividing the successive horizontal scans into similar closely spaced dots.

Since the video or television picture signals 52, Fig. 2, are meantime fed from the receiver i, as by means of a coupling condenser I2I, to the control grid 23 of the tube Ii, in order to intensity-modulate the successive horizontal scans 29, 3|, 33, 35, etc., with the picture signals 52, the successive modulated horizontal sca-nsy constituting the television image, are sampled divided into a plurality of accurately and similarly positioned closely spaced dots too small to be individually discernible to the viewer. The control grid 23 may be held at any desired predetermined direct-current level by means of a D. C. restorer |23, shown connected between the negative terminal of the C power supply |55 and the grid 23, in series with. a grid resistor |25.

The oscillations 63 could be used directly as blanking pulses, but since they are not unidirectional, the intensity of the electron beam impinging on the screen i3 would then be affected by portions of the oscillations 63. The clipper stage I, however, provides ilat regions between successive pulses 65, thus to permit the intensity of the electron beam to be determined solely by the received video signal 52.

The clipper stage III also aords a means of control over the ratio of the pulse width X to the pulse spacing Y of each of the blanking pulses 65, Fig. 6. This ratio is commonly called the duty cycle, and may be adjusted by means of the amount of bias developed across the grid resistor I I9, from zero Volts to a highly negative potential, the duty cycle being' thus variable from a value of one-half to zero. The clipper, therefore, controls the horizontal width of the light areas or dots into which the horizontal'scans are divided.

It is to be understood, of course, that instead of feeding positive blanking pulses 55 to the cathode 2 I, as before mentioned, negative pulses, shown at 61 in Fig. '1, may equally well be fed to the control grid 23. The negative pulses 51 of Fig. '1 may be produced, for example, by phaseinverting the output 55 of the clipper stage 8 or in a manner hereinafter discussed in connection with the embodiment of Fig. 11.

Inasmuch as the vertical width of the dark areas 69 between successive horizontal scans is predetermined in present-day television receivers by the rate of charging of the vertical sweep voltage produced in the vertical sweep generator I5, it is preferable, for purposes of uniformity, as before mentioned, that the horizontal spacing 43 between the light areas or dots 4|, 45, 41, etc., of the horizontal scans be of the same order of magnitude as the said vertical width, and this may be effected, as above described, by suitably adjusting the bias on the clipper stage I I I.

As an illustration of typical values, the horizontal synchronizing pulse. separator-and-amplifier 5 may produce 525 triggering pulses for each pair of vertical synchronizing pulses produced by the vertical synchronizing pulse separatorand-amplifier i3, as in conventional television systems. On a standard ten-inch screen I3, therefore, 525 equally vertically displaced horizontal scans 29, 3|, 33, 35, etc., will be produced in a rectangular area having a ratio of horizontal width to vertical height of about four to three. The pulse-recurrence frequency of the horizontal synchronizing pulses may have a Value of about 15,750 cycles per second to produce this twodimensicnal display, the period of the successive horizontal sweeps being about 64 microseconds. If each horizontal scan, therefore, is to be divided into, for example, '100 dots, such as the dots 4|, 45, 51, 49, etc., or" the horizontal scan 29, then the horizontal width of each dot 4|, 45, 41, 49, etc., must have a time duration of about a little less than one-tenth of a microsecond. T'o accomplish this end, the tuned LC circuit of the pulsed oscillator 53 will have a resonant frequency of about 1l megacycles.

The system comprising the pulsed oscillator` 53 and clipper stage I I I of Fig. l readily lends itself to the form of a modification kit that may be installed in present-day television receivers. The circuits may, of course, also be built into the rcceivers when they are manufactured.

The clipper stage I of Fig. 1 is designed particularly for use where there is alternatingcurrent coupling of the Video signal 52 through the condenser l2| to, for example, the control grid 23 of the kinescope I I. In the modiiication of Figs. 9, l0 and 11, circuits are disclosed that replace the clipper stage I I I of Fig. 1, and permit the use of the present invention even where there is a direct-current connection from the receiver I to the grid 23 of the cathode-ray tube I I.

n the system of Fig. 9, the grid 23 of the cathode-ray tube is shown directly connected to a conductor A. The conductor A is the same conductor A shown in Fig. 1, connecting the receiver I and the control grid 23, but without the coupling condenser |2I. 1n the system of Fig. 9, therefore, the video signal 52 is fed directly to the grid 23. The conductors B and C are the same conductors B and C of Fig. 1, respectively connected to the plate 83 and to the grid S3 of the oscillator tube 13. In place of the clipper tube I I I, however, is a vacuum tube |29, preferably of the pentode type, having a plate ISI, a suppressor grid |33, a screen grid |35, a control grid |31 and a cathode |39. The conductor C feeds the oscillations S3 from the grid 93 of the oscillator tube 13, Fig. l, through the coupling condenser |01 to the grid |31 of the tube |29. The grid |31 is connected through the grid resistor ||9 to the negative terminal of the C power supply in order toprovide biasfasdiscussed in connection with-the clipper stage of Fig. 1. The cathode |39 of'the tube |29 is shown directly connected to the negative terminal of the B power supply-99, and the suppressor grid |33 is shown strapped to the cathode |39. The conductor B from theplate 83 of the pulse oscillator tube 13, Fig. 1, is connected to the upper terminal of the primary of a transformer 14|. The lower terminal of the transformer primary is connected to the plate |31 oi: the tube |29. The screen-grid'i35 is also connected to the conductor B which receives plate voltage from the positive terminal of the B power :supply source 99. The secondary of the transformer 4| is shown connected throughl a rectifier 43 across a resistor |45. The junction of the rectifier |43 and the resistor |45 is connected to the cathode 2| of the cathode-ray tube The junction of the lower terminal of the secondary of the transformer |4| and the resistor |45 is connected to a potentiometer slider |41 that provides any desired direct-current voltage on the cathode 2|, through the'medium` of a voltage dividing network |49, |5| connected between the plus and minus terminals of the B power supply 99. The slider |41 is provided with a by-pass condenser |53 to by-pass to the negative terminal of the 8 power supply 99, fluctuating voltages produced as the slider |41 is varied.

The tube |29 in thecircuit of Fig. 9, therefore, acts as a clipper in the same manner as the triode of Fig. 1, producing at the plate 3| of the clipper tube |29, negative unidirectional pulses 61, Fig. 7, that may be inverted to positive pulses |55, Fig. 6, in the secondary of the'transformer |41 before application as blanking pulses to the -cathode 2| of cathode-ray tube The phasereversal or phase-inverting .transformer |4| when used with the clipper tube |29,permits economical operation of the tube |29, withnegative pulses appearing at the plate I3 I. If this feature were not employed, the tube |29 would have to draw excessive steady current; since the blanking pulses 65 or 61 are short compared to the interval between the pulses. The rectiner |43 is included to insure a constant direct-current' level between blanking pulsesV 55 irrespectiveof variations that may occur in the pulse amplitude. 'The rectifier |43 may, however, be omitted las when, for example, shorted by the switch S, though-such operationis subject to somewhat of a disadvantage in that variations in the `level of the oscillations V63 vary the level of the 'nat portion between the blanking pulses 65 or 61.

While the circuit of Fig. ilu-was before described as adapted -for use where the video signal 52 is direct-current coupled tothe cathode-ray tube it may, of course,- be used also where a coupling condenser-is-employed `to couple the video signal 52 to the cathode-raytube The system of Fig. l0 is likewise vadapted for use either with alternatingor .direct-current coupling of the video signal 52 -along the conductor A to the grid 23 of the tube In this modification, the plate. |55 of a ltetrode clipper tube |52 is shown connected'by the conductor A to the grid 23 ofthe cathode-raytube instead of to the cathode 2|, so that both the video signal 52 fed along conductor A and the blanking -pulses 61, Fig. 7,-are fed together :to :the control-grid electrode 23. Thefscreen grid |51 oi the tube |52 is connected to the positive terminal of .theB supply 99..as isv1the plate |55, through. a loadv resistor. |63 connectedn-between quency stages. pulsed 4Voscillator "53 and: clipper stage of -fl0 plate |55and the screen grid |51. For proper operation of this mixed jfeed of video signals and blanking pulses, the resistor |63 would be considerably smaller'than is normally the case for the output load of the televisionreceiver circuit I. In order to provide .proper matching,

therefore, it would be desirable in the embodiment of Fig. 10 to employ a larger receiver output tube than is conventionally employed in present-day television receiver circuits. The advantage of the modification of Fig. 10, however, is that in certain cathode-ray tubes, modulation of the cathode can lead to de-focusing and deflection troubles. The circuit of Fig. 10, however, feeds the modulating and blanking voltages only to the control grid 23.

In the modication of Fig. 11, the advantages of the system of Fig. 10 are provided without the disadvantageous feature ofthe small receiver output'load resistor |63. The clippertube of Fig. 1 is employed-with precisely the same input and output connections asbefore described in connection with Fig. 1, except that the output pulses l55 appearing. across the cathode loady |1 of the clipper tube instead of being fed directly to the cathode 2| -of the cathode-ray tube are fed by conductor ||8 to the control-grid electrode 65 of va vacuum tube |61, preferably-oi the triode type. The trio'de l'lforms amixing circuit with a similar triode |69 which may, if desired,be the second half of a dual-triode envelope embodying both-the tubes |61 and |69.

The control grid |1| of the tube |69 is connected to the previously described conductor A leading from the television receiver The plate |13 of the tube |69 receives'its plate voltagefrom-the positive terminal ofv the'B -supply source 99,'as does the plate |15 of the other tube |61'through 'a plate load resistor |11. The cathodes |19 and |9| of the tubes |69 and |61 are connected together and are provid-ed with acommon cathode -load |83 Vwhich connects -to the negative side of the B power supply 99. Since' the video signals 52 are fed by conductor Ato the grid|1| of the tube |69, and since the blanking pulses 65 are `fed by conductor ||8 to the grid |65l of the tube |61, there will appear in the plate load |11 both the video signals-52 andy inverted blanking .pulses 61 that may both operate on the control grid'23, as discussed in connection with Fig. 10. The present invention is not, however, limited to periodically extinguishing the electron beam along successive horizontal scans by feeding the in the radio-frequency stages of .the receiver I, or

Amore advantageously, in the intermediate-fre- In Fig. 12, for example, the

Fig. 1 are shown connectedby means of a switch YS either tov inject the blanking pulses into the radio-frequency circuits, or' into the intermediate-frequency circuits. `The only differences between the circuit diagrams of ythe pulsed oscillator-53 and clipper stage i!! shown in Figs.

'1--andf12, reside inthe showing in Fig. 12 of zthe tubes- 1| and was beam-power tetrodes and not triodes. VThe respective screen-grid electrodes |85 yand |91are decoupledvto ground vthrough respective condensers |99 and lill-,and are connected to the .-B-power supply'99positive terminal through dropping.-resisters m35-andY |95. YThe receiverV I,

shown in a single block in Fig. 1, is illustrated more in detail in Fig. 12 as comprising radiofrequency amplifying stages |91 that amplify the input signal from the antenna 3, a mixer or first detector |89 that mixes the amplified radio-frequency signals with oscillations from a beating local oscillator 20| to form an intermediate-frequency, intermediate-frequency amplifying stages 203 and a second detector 205 for applying the rectified video signals 52 to video amplifiers, not shown, that, in turn, connect through conductor A to the cathode-ray tube II. The horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulse sepaq rators and I3 of Fig. 1 are shown in Fig. 12 in a common box 201, though it is to be understood that the output lead 15 therefrom is the same as that in Fig. 1, feeding the horizontal synchronizing pulses 6| to the control grid 9| of the tube 1|. The cathode load ||1 of the clipper stage III is shown connected by conductor ||8 through the switch S either to a modulator 209 or to a modulator 2|| that may, for example, take the form of the modulator or mixing tubes 161, |69 of Fig. l1, or any other well-known form. The blanking pulses 65 thus fed to the modulator 209, as shown in Fig. 12, are mixed with the intermediate-frequency signals fed from, for example, the first intermediate-frequency amplifier of the intermediate-frequency stages 203, thereby producing an output comprising the intermediate-frequency signals and the blanking pulses. This output may then be amplified in the remaining intermediate-frequency stages for application to the second detector 205. The output of the second detector 205, therefore, will comprise detected video signals periodically broken up or reduced to zero voltage or to some other reference level, corresponding to the pulses 65 or 61, as shown at 204. Similarly, if the switch S is thrown to the left in Fig. 12, the blanking pulses S5 may be mixed in the modulator 2|| with the radio-frequency signals, and the mixed or modulated resulting signals may be fed to the remaining radio-frequency amplifying stages or directly to the mixer |99 for producing an intermediate-frequency that will contain the video signal modulation broken up by the blanking pulses 65 or 51. In much the same fashion, the local oscillations of the oscillator in the radio-receiving circuits may be broken up, or the blanking pulses may be fed to any of the receiver circuits or to any of the voltage supplies thereof, to produce in the conductor A, feeding the cathoderay tube Ii, a video signal broken up or sampled in the fashion described and illustrated at 204.

Though the systems of Figs. 1, 9, 10, 11 and 12 have been described in connection with blanking pulses formed by pulsing an oscillator to produce a train of oscillations for each horizontal scan, it is to be understood that the oscillations may also, if desired, be triggered by the vertical synchronizing pulses to produce a long train of oscillations for the operation of the complete frame of horizontal scans, thereby also to blank the successive horizontal scans. In Fig. 13, for example, the vertical synchronizing pulse separator-and-ampliier I3 of Fig. 1 is shown feeding its conventional serrated vertical synchronizing pulses 2|3 to a pulse-sharpening circuit such as a relaxation oscillator 2 I5 of, for example, the multi-vibrator or blocking oscillator form, to produce sharp voltage impulses from the serrated synchronizing pulses. The relaxation oscillator 2 I 5 will be triggered by the vertical synchronizing pulse 213 at some particular moment, shown at 2|9, in the same manner as the vertical sweep generator I5 is triggered i nFig. 1. The relaxation oscillator 2 I 5, however, may be provided with a time constant such that it produces a long pulse l2 I1 corresponding to the period between successive vertical synchronizing pulses 2|3, which, in turn, corresponds to the frame period of all the horizontal-line scans of the television picture.

lThe sharp pulses 2|9 thus formed in the relaxation oscillator 2|5 may then trigger the pulsed oscillator 53 in the same manner asdescribed in connection with the embodiment of Fig. 1 and the various other embodiments, to produce a long train of oscillations during the whole vertical scan period or frame. While the serrated vertical synchronizing pulses 2I3 may be used directly to trigger the pulsed oscillator 53 in order to produce a train of oscillations for the duration of the vertical scan, it is preferable to employ the relaxation oscillator 2|5 to provide sharp triggering pulses. The output lead ||9 from the clipper tube III, therefore, will contain blanking pulses 65 that occur during the whole vertical scan period so that the pulses will break up all of the successive horizontal scans produced during the vertical scan period. Though the successive horizontal scans will not be broken up into evenly aligned rows and columns of dots in this manner of operation, each horizontal scan will, none-theless, be broken up the same way each vertical frame. In the same manner, the vertical synchronizing pulses, instead of the horizontal synchronizing pulses, may be used to trigger the pulsed oscillator in the other embodiments of the invention.

Though it is deemed perferable to produce the blanking pulses at the television receiver with the aid of circuits of the character described, it is possible to produce the blanking pulses at the television transmitter, Fig. 14, and to transmit the blanking pulses with the video-signal modulation. Such operation may require the widening of present-day receiver bandwidths to accommodate the sharp blanking pulses, but the receivers need not be otherwise modified.

While the present invention has been described as applied to television systems, the novel method and the preferred systems herein disclosed are not limited to television, but are clearly equally adaptable to any type of cathode-ray-tube dis- .play system.

Modifications will occur to those skilled in the art, and all such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A cathode-ray-tube presentation system having, in combination, a cathode-ray tube provided with a screen, means for producing an electron beam for impinging on the screen and means for producing impulses for synchronizing horizontal and vertical scanning of the screen by the electron beam, a shock-excited oscillator, means for connecting the shock-excited oscillator to the horizontal scanning synchronizing impulseproducing means to pulse the oscillator into shock-excited oscillation in order to produce a train of gradually damping oscillations synchronously with the initiation of the horizontal scan of the screen by the electron beam, means for uni-directionalizing the oscillations of the oscillator to produce a train of short direct-current electron beam blanking pulses, and means for applying the blanking pulses to the electron-beamproducing means periodically to blank the elec- 13 tron beam during each horizontal scan of the screen, thereby to cause the blanked portions of each successive horizontal scan to occur in vertical alinement.

2. A system as claimed in claim l and in which the period of oscillation of the shock-excited oscillator is slightly less than one-tenth of a microsecond.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Number 14 Name Date Nakashima, et al. Sept. 14, 1937 Andrieu Oct. 25, 1938 Keyston et al.v May 6, 1941 Kozanowski June 4, 1946 Toulon Aug. 23, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Great Britain July 15, 1942 

